Investigating the architecture and internal structure of the TOI-561 system planets with CHEOPS, HARPS-N, and TESS-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Investigating the architecture and internal structure of the TOI-561 system planets with CHEOPS, HARPS-N, and TESS

Published:2022-01-28 Issue:3 Volume:511 Page:4551-4571
ISSN:0035-8711
Container-title:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
language:en
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Author:

Lacedelli G¹²^ORCID,Wilson T G³^ORCID,Malavolta L¹²^ORCID,Hooton M J⁴^ORCID,Collier Cameron A³^ORCID,Alibert Y⁴⁵,Mortier A⁶⁷^ORCID,Bonfanti A⁸,Haywood R D⁹,Hoyer S¹⁰^ORCID,Piotto G¹²,Bekkelien A¹¹,Vanderburg A M¹²¹³,Benz W⁴⁵,Dumusque X¹¹,Deline A¹¹,López-Morales M¹⁴,Borsato L²^ORCID,Rice K¹⁵¹⁶^ORCID,Fossati L⁸,Latham D W¹⁴,Brandeker A¹⁷,Poretti E¹⁸¹⁹,Sousa S G²⁰^ORCID,Sozzetti A²¹^ORCID,Salmon S¹¹,Burke C J¹²,Van Grootel V²²,Fausnaugh M M¹²,Adibekyan V²⁰,Huang C X¹²²³,Osborn H P⁵¹²^ORCID,Mustill A J²⁴^ORCID,Pallé E²⁵,Bourrier V¹¹,Nascimbeni V²^ORCID,Alonso R²⁵²⁶,Anglada G²⁷²⁸,Bárczy T²⁹,Barrado y Navascues D³⁰,Barros S C C²⁰³¹,Baumjohann W⁸,Beck M¹¹,Beck T⁴,Billot N¹¹,Bonfils X³²,Broeg C⁴⁵,Buchhave L A³³^ORCID,Cabrera J³⁴,Charnoz S³⁵,Cosentino R¹⁸,Csizmadia Sz³⁴^ORCID,Davies M B³⁶,Deleuil M¹⁰,Delrez L²²³⁷^ORCID,Demangeon O²⁰³¹,Demory B -O⁵,Ehrenreich D¹¹,Erikson A³⁴,Esparza-Borges E²⁵²⁶,Florén H G¹⁷³⁸,Fortier A⁴⁵,Fridlund M³⁹⁴⁰,Futyan D¹¹,Gandolfi D⁴¹^ORCID,Ghedina A¹⁸,Gillon M³⁷,Güdel M⁴²,Guterman P¹⁰⁴³,Harutyunyan A¹⁸,Heng K⁵⁴⁴,Isaak K G⁴⁵,Jenkins J M⁴⁶,Kiss L⁴⁷⁴⁸,Laskar J⁴⁹,Lecavelier des Etangs A⁵⁰,Lendl M¹¹^ORCID,Lovis C¹¹,Magrin D²,Marafatto L²,Martinez Fiorenzano A F¹⁸,Maxted P F L⁵¹^ORCID,Mayor M¹¹,Micela G⁵²,Molinari E⁵³,Murgas F²⁵,Narita N²⁵⁵⁴⁵⁵,Olofsson G¹⁷,Ottensamer R⁴²,Pagano I⁵⁶,Pasetti A⁵⁷,Pedani M¹⁸,Pepe F A¹¹,Peter G⁵⁸,Phillips D F¹⁴,Pollacco D⁴⁴,Queloz D⁶¹¹,Ragazzoni R¹²,Rando N⁵⁹,Ratti F⁵⁹,Rauer H³⁴⁶⁰⁶¹,Ribas I²⁷²⁸,Santos N C²⁰³¹,Sasselov D¹⁴,Scandariato G⁵⁶,Seager S¹²⁶²⁶³,Ségransan D¹¹,Serrano L M⁴¹^ORCID,Simon A E⁴,Smith A M S³⁴,Steinberger M⁸,Steller M⁸,Szabó Gy⁶⁴⁶⁵^ORCID,Thomas N⁴,Twicken J D⁴⁶⁶⁶,Udry S¹¹,Walton N⁶⁷,Winn J N⁶⁸

Affiliation:

1. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Università degli Studi di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy

2. INAF , Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy

3. Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK

4. Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern , Gesellsschaftstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

5. Center for Space and Habitability , Gesellsschaftstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

6. Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

7. Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

8. Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences , Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria

9. Astrophysics Group, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 2QL, UK

10. Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, CNES, LAM, 38 rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie, F-13388 Marseille, France

11. Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva , Chemin Pegasi 51, Versoix, CH-1290, Switzerland

12. Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

13. Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA

14. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

15. SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Scotland, UK

16. Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH93FD, UK

17. Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

18. Fundación Galileo Galilei - INAF , Rambla J. A. F. Perez, 7, E-38712 S.C. Tenerife, Spain

19. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), Italy

20. Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto , CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, P-4150-762 Porto, Portugal

21. INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy

22. Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège , Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

23. University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Astrophysics , West Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia

24. Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University , Box 43, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden

25. Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

26. Departamento de Astrofísica , Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

27. Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE , CSIC), Campus UAB, Can Magrans s/n, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain

28. Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , E-08034 Barcelona, Spain

29. Admatis , 5. Kandó Kálmán Street, 3534 Miskolc, Hungary

30. Depto. de Astrofisica , Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada (Madrid), Spain

31. Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia , Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal

32. Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France

33. DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 328, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

34. Institute of Planetary Research , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, P-12489 Berlin, Germany

35. Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris , CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France

36. Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University , SE-22100 Lund, Sweden

37. Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

38. Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

39. Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands

40. Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden

41. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino , via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125, Torino, Italy

42. Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna , Tuerkenschanzstrasse 17, A-1180 Vienna, Austria

43. Division Technique INSU , CS20330, F-83507 La Seyne sur Mer cedex, France

44. Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

45. Science and Operations Department – Science Division (SCI-SC), Directorate of Science, European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) , Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, the Netherlands

46. NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

47. Konkoly Observatory , Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, 1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, Hungary

48. ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics , Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary

49. IMCCE , UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, F-75014 Paris, France

50. Institut d’astrophysique de Paris , UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 98bis blvd. Arago, F-75014 Paris, France

51. Astrophysics Group, Keele University , Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK

52. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo , Piazza del Parlamento 1, I-90134 Palermo, Italy

53. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari , Via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius, Italy

54. Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan

55. Astrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan

56. INAF , Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy

57. P&P Software GmbH , High Tech Center, Taegerwilen, CH-8274, Switzerland

58. Institute of Optical Sensor Systems , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany

59. ESTEC, European Space Agency , NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, the Netherlands

60. Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin , Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany

61. Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften , Freie Universität Berlin, D-12249 Berlin, Germany

62. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

63. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

64. ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory , 9700 Szombathely, Szent Imre h. u. 112, Hungary

65. MTA-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group , 9700 Szombathely, Szent Imre h. u. 112, Hungary

66. SETI Institute , Mountain View, CA 94043, USA

67. Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

68. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present a precise characterization of the TOI-561 planetary system obtained by combining previously published data with TESS and CHEOPS photometry, and a new set of 62 HARPS-N radial velocities (RVs). Our joint analysis confirms the presence of four transiting planets, namely TOI-561 b (P = 0.45 d, R = 1.42 R⊕, M = 2.0 M⊕), c (P = 10.78 d, R = 2.91 R⊕, M = 5.4 M⊕), d (P = 25.7 d, R = 2.82 R⊕, M = 13.2 M⊕), and e (P = 77 d, R = 2.55 R⊕, M = 12.6 R⊕). Moreover, we identify an additional, long-period signal (>450 d) in the RVs, which could be due to either an external planetary companion or to stellar magnetic activity. The precise masses and radii obtained for the four planets allowed us to conduct interior structure and atmospheric escape modelling. TOI-561 b is confirmed to be the lowest density (ρb = 3.8 ± 0.5 g cm−3) ultra-short period (USP) planet known to date, and the low metallicity of the host star makes it consistent with the general bulk density-stellar metallicity trend. According to our interior structure modelling, planet b has basically no gas envelope, and it could host a certain amount of water. In contrast, TOI-561 c, d, and e likely retained an H/He envelope, in addition to a possibly large water layer. The inferred planetary compositions suggest different atmospheric evolutionary paths, with planets b and c having experienced significant gas loss, and planets d and e showing an atmospheric content consistent with the original one. The uniqueness of the USP planet, the presence of the long-period planet TOI-561 e, and the complex architecture make this system an appealing target for follow-up studies.

Funder

ESA

INAF

GTO

Scottish Universities Physics Alliance

University of Geneva

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

Queen's University Belfast

University of Edinburgh

MAST

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

HEC

NAS

California Institute of Technology

European Space Agency

Università degli Studi di Padova

STFC

CNES

Italian Space Agency

ASI

European Research Council

European Union

Horizon 2020

Swiss National Science Foundation

Swedish National Space Agency

Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation

European Regional Development Fund

INTA

CSIC

Generalitat de Catalunya

SGS

FCT

ODSD

Belgian Federal Science Policy Office

University of Liège

ARC

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia

FEDER

CRT

Agence Nationale de la Recherche

Simons Foundation

National Research Development and Innovation Office

ELTE

Eötvös Loránd University

Hungarian Academy of Sciences

JSPS

JST

CREST

National Institutes of Natural Sciences

FSE

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

Link

https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stac199/42324769/stac199.pdf

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