Propofol Attenuates Peroxynitrite-mediated DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Cultured Astrocytes

Abstract

Background The concentration of peroxynitrite in the brain increases after central nervous system injuries. The authors hypothesized that propofol, because of its particular chemical structure, mitigates the effects of peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis by the induction of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in primary cultured astroglial cells. Methods Primary cultured astroglial cells were incubated for 18 h with a known peroxynitrite donor (3 mm SIN-1) in the presence or absence of propofol (40 microm, 80 microm, 160 microm, and 1 mm). The protective effects of propofol were evaluated by 3(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity assay, lactic dehydrogenase release, DNA ladderization by Comet assay, and caspase-3 activation by Western blot analysis. Results Appropriate propofol concentrations (ranging from 40 microm to 1 mm) significantly increased HO-1 expression and attenuated SIN-1-mediated DNA ladderization and caspase-3 activation. The protective effects of propofol were mitigated by the addition of tin mesoporphyrin, a potent inhibitor of HO activity. The addition of a specific synthetic inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB abolished propofol-mediated HO-1 induction, suggesting a possible role of this nuclear transcriptional factor in our experimental conditions. Conclusions The antioxidant properties of propofol can be partially attributed to its scavenging effect on peroxynitrite as well as to its ability to increase HO-1 expression at higher concentrations, a property that might be relevant to neuroprotection during anesthesia.