1. Michael E. Chernew () is the Leonard D. Schaeffer Professor of Health Care Policy and director of the Healthcare Markets and Regulation Lab in the Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts.
2. Patrick H. Conway was the president and CEO of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina, in Durham, when this work was performed.
3. Austin B. Frakt is director of the Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center at the Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System; an associate professor at the Boston University School of Public Health; and a senior research scientist at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, all in Boston.