A Retrospective Comparison of Diagnostic Tools of Bullous Pemphigoid for Elderly Patients

Abstract

Background: Older patients who are predisposed to bullous pemphigoid (BP) may exhibit reluctance to undergo skin biopsy due to potential complications. Objectives: This study aimed to conduct a comparative evaluation among histology, direct immunofluorescence (DIF), and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) to determine the optimal diagnostic tool in elderly patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 841 patients suspected of having BP. All cases were initially classified as BP and non-BP in accordance with the diagnostic criteria. Student’s t-test and chi-squared test examined differences between the 2 groups. We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio detected by the 3 tools. We stratified the analysis by age to compare the performance of the diagnostic tools and examined the risk factors associated with BP using logistic regression. Results: Overall, histology exhibited the highest sensitivity (89.4%), while DIF demonstrated the highest specificity (67.1%). In the elderly, the IIF test exhibited the highest specificity (57.5%), the highest positive likelihood ratio (2.047), and the lowest negative likelihood ratio (0.226). Among patients taking Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, IIF demonstrated the highest positive likelihood ratio (3.194) and the second-lowest negative likelihood ratio (0.235). Conclusions: In cases that elderly patients suspected of having BP are reluctant to undergo skin biopsy, IIF demonstrates the optimal diagnostic method due to its highest positive likelihood ratio, the lowest negative likelihood ratio among the 3 diagnostic measures. Moreover, IIF is found to be a more effective tool for detecting BP in patients using DPP-4 inhibitors.