A cross-cultural comparison of a measure of parent perceptions among families of children with autism in Vietnam

Abstract

Most current autism research focuses on Western countries, where service availability and cultural experiences differ from those of individuals living in Asian countries, where collectivistic cultural values prevail and understanding of autism is emerging. By gathering data from Vietnamese parents of autistic children ( N = 339), the current measurement study examined measure variance and invariance between the English version of the Illness Perception Questionnaire- Revised for Autism Spectrum Disorder (IPQ-R-ASD) and a Vietnamese translation of it, at the item, scalar, and factor levels. Results indicated measurement variance for only three of 37 items and highlighted different perceptions of autism between Vietnamese and North American parents, based on responses to the IPQ-R-ASD. Responses indicated that Vietnamese parents may have a different interpretation of the questions. Seven factors emerged on both the Vietnamese and English instruments, but items loaded differently, and a distinct factor emerged on the Vietnamese version. In sum, the current findings suggest that the IPQ-R-ASD can be useful for better understanding Vietnamese parents’ perceptions of their children’s autism, but the interpretation is somewhat different than on the English version, highlighting the importance of cross-cultural considerations in the study of autism in Western versus Eastern cultures. Lay abstract Raising an autistic child can affect many aspects of families’ lives. Parents are responsible for many decisions, from initiating evaluation to selecting and implementing treatments. How parents conceptualize the course and nature of their child’s diagnosis influences these processes and parents’ own well-being. Parents’ perceptions about their children’s autism are also affected by cultural contexts and understanding of autism. The Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R) is widely used to study cognitions in chronic health research and has been adapted and validated to measure parents’ perceptions and beliefs about their children’s ASD (IPQ-R-ASD). However, such studies are mostly conducted in high-income countries (HICs) with western, individualistic cultural values (e.g. United States, Canada). Therefore, it is unclear whether the IPQ-R-ASD is a useful instrument in understanding parents’ perceptions of autism in Vietnam, a lower- and middle-income country (LMIC) with collectivistic Asian cultural values. These differences suggest that parents in Vietnam may have cognitive representations of their children’s autism that differ from those of parents living in HIC, western countries. The purpose of this study was to examine the usability of the translated Vietnamese IPQ-R-ASD that may, ultimately, help explore Vietnamese parents’ autism perceptions. While the study’s result indicated the usability of the translated measure in Vietnam, when interpreted with Vietnamese norms, results also highlighted notable differences between Vietnamese and North American parents’ perceptions of autism that warrant further research.