Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on survival in men with low socioeconomic status

Author:

Jae Sae Young12,Kurl Sudhir3,Bunsawat Kanokwan4,Franklin Barry A5,Choo Jina6,Kunutsor Setor K78,Kauhanen Jussi3,Laukkanen Jari A39

Affiliation:

1. Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, Republic of Korea

2. Division of Urban Social Health, Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Republic of Korea

3. Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland

4. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, USA

5. Preventive Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation, William Beaumont Hospital, USA

6. College of Nursing, Korea University, Republic of Korea

7. National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK

8. Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, UK

9. Faculty of Sport and Health Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland

Abstract

Abstract Aims Although both low socioeconomic status (SES) and poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with increased chronic disease and heightened mortality, it remains unclear whether moderate-to-high levels of CRF are associated with survival benefits in low SES populations. This study evaluated the hypothesis that SES and CRF predict all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality and that moderate-to-high levels of CRF may attenuate the association between low SES and increased mortality. Methods This study included 2368 men, who were followed in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Study cohort. CRF was directly measured by peak oxygen uptake during progressive exercise testing. SES was characterized using self-reported questionnaires. Results During a 25-year median follow-up, 1116 all-cause mortality and 512 cardiovascular disease mortality events occurred. After adjusting for potential confounders, men with low SES were at increased risks for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.30–1.71) and cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio1.38, 1.13–1.69). Higher levels of CRF were associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.54, 0.45–0.64) and cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio 0.53, 0.40–0.69). In joint associations of SES and CRF with mortality, low SES-unfit had significantly higher risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.15, 1.78–2.59) and cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio 1.95, 1.48-2.57), but low SES-fit was not associated with a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio 1.09, 0.80-1.48) as compared with their high SES-fit counterparts. Conclusion Both SES and CRF were independently associated with subsequent mortality; however, moderate-to-high levels of CRF were not associated with an excess risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in men with low SES.

Funder

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine,Epidemiology

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