Xenotransplantation: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions

Author:

Arabi Tarek Ziad12ORCID,Sabbah Belal Nedal23,Lerman Amir4,Zhu Xiang-Yang1,Lerman Lilach O.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

2. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

3. Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

4. Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Abstract

To address the ongoing shortage of organs available for replacement, xenotransplantation of hearts, corneas, skin, and kidneys has been attempted. However, a major obstacle facing xenotransplants is rejection due to a cycle of immune reactions to the graft. Both adaptive and innate immune systems contribute to this cycle, in which natural killer cells, macrophages, and T-cells play a significant role. While advancements in the field of genetic editing can circumvent some of these obstacles, biomarkers to identify and predict xenograft rejection remain to be standardized. Several T-cell markers, such as CD3, CD4, and CD8, are useful in both the diagnosis and prediction of xenograft rejection. Furthermore, an increase in the levels of various circulating DNA markers and microRNAs is also predictive of xenograft rejection. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the advancements in xenotransplantation, with a focus on pig-to-human, the role of immunity in xenograft rejection, and its biomarkers.

Funder

National Institutes of Health

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Transplantation,Cell Biology,Biomedical Engineering

Reference86 articles.

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