Key Thresholds and Relative Contributions of Knee Geometry, Anteroposterior Laxity, and Body Weight as Risk Factors for Noncontact ACL Injury

Abstract

Background: Limited data exist regarding the association of tibiofemoral bony and soft tissue geometry and knee laxity with risk of first-time noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Purpose: To determine associations of tibiofemoral geometry and anteroposterior (AP) knee laxity with risk of first-time noncontact ACL injury in high school and collegiate athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Over a 4-year period, noncontact ACL injury events were identified as they occurred in 86 high school and collegiate athletes (59 female, 27 male). Sex- and age-matched control participants were selected from the same team. AP laxity of the uninjured knee was measured using a KT-2000 arthrometer. Magnetic resonance imaging was taken on ipsilateral and contralateral knees, and articular geometries were measured. Sex-specific general additive models were implemented to investigate associations between injury risk and 6 features: ACL volume, meniscus–bone wedge angle in the lateral compartment of the tibia, articular cartilage slope at the middle region of the lateral compartment of the tibia, femoral notch width at the anterior outlet, body weight, and AP displacement of the tibia relative to the femur. Importance scores (in percentages) were calculated to rank the relative contribution of each variable. Results: In the female cohort, the 2 features with the highest importance scores were tibial cartilage slope (8.6%) and notch width (8.1%). In the male cohort, the 2 top-ranked features were AP laxity (5.6%) and tibial cartilage slope (4.8%). In female patients, injury risk increased by 25.5% with lateral middle cartilage slope becoming more posteroinferior from –6.2° to –2.0° and by 17.5% with lateral meniscus–bone wedge angle increasing from 27.3° to 28.2°. In males, an increase in AP displacement from 12.5 to 14.4 mm in response to a 133-N anterior-directed load was associated with a 16.7% increase in risk. Conclusion: Of the 6 variables studied, there was no single dominant geometric or laxity risk factor for ACL injury in either the female or male cohort. In males, AP laxity >13 to 14 mm was associated with sharply increased risk of noncontact ACL injury. In females, lateral meniscus–bone wedge angle >28° was associated with a sharply decreased risk of noncontact ACL injury.