Greater Knee Rotatory Instability After Posterior Meniscocapsular Injury Versus Anterolateral Ligament Injury: A Proposed Mechanism of High-Grade Pivot Shift

Abstract

Background: For anterolateral rotatory instability as a result of secondary soft tissue injuries in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knees, there is increasing interest in secondary stabilizers to prevent internal rotation (IR) of the tibia. Purpose: To determine which secondary stabilizer is more important in anterolateral rotatory instability in ACL-deficient knees. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: The lower extremities of 10 fresh-frozen cadavers (20 extremities) without anterior-posterior or rotational instability were included. Matched-pair randomization was performed, with each side per specimen assigned to 1 of 2 groups. In group 1, the ACL was sectioned, followed by the anterolateral ligament (ALL); in group 2, the ACL was sectioned, followed by sequential sectioning of the posterolateral meniscocapsular complex (PLMCC) and posteromedial meniscocapsular complex (PMMCC). The primary outcome was the change in relative tibial IR during a simulated pivot-shift test with 5 N·m of IR torque and 8.9 N of valgus force. The secondary outcomes were the International Knee Documentation Committee grade in the pivot-shift test and the incidence of the grade 3 pivot shift. Results: In group 1, compared with baseline, the change in relative tibial IR at 0° of knee flexion was 1.4° (95% CI, –0.1° to 2.9°; P = .052) after ALL release. In group 2, it was 2.5° (95% CI, 0.4° to 4.8°; P = .007) after PLMCC release and 4.1° (95% CI, 0.5° to 7.8°; P = .017) after combined PLMCC and PMMCC release. Combined PLMCC and PMMCC release resulted in greater change of tibial IR with statistical significance at 0°, 15°, and 30° of knee flexion ( P = .008, .057, and .004, respectively) compared with ALL release. The incidence of grade 3 pivot shifts was 10% in group 1 and 90% in group 2. Conclusion: Posterior meniscocapsular laxity caused an increase in relative tibial IR as much as ALL injury in ACL-deficient knees in our simulated laboratory test, and greater anterolateral rotatory instability occurred with posterior meniscocapsular injury compared with ALL injury. Clinical Relevance: Repair of the injured posterior meniscocapsular complex may be an important treatment option for reducing anterolateral rotatory instability in the ACL-deficient knee.