Occupational stress among Norwegian physicians: A literature review of long-term prospective studies 2007–2019

Abstract

Aims: There are signs of increased stress at work among Norwegian physicians over the last decades, not least among general practitioners (GPs). In this review, we identify trends in both occupational stress and adverse work-related predictors of such stress and burnout in Norwegian physicians. Methods: We performed an extensive literature search using MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO. We included prospective and repeated cross-sectional studies of work stress among Norwegian physicians published in 2007–2019. Results: Nine studies with observation periods of 1–20 years were included. Occupational stress (global measure) among all doctors decreased gradually from medical school to 20 years later. The prevalence of an effort–reward imbalance increased fourfold among GPs during the period 2010–2019. Five studies reported higher levels of occupational stress among female physicians than among their male colleagues. Work–home conflict levels increased after graduation until 10 years after leaving medical school and plateaued thereafter. Physicians who graduated in a later cohort reported lower levels of work–home conflict and less workplace violence. Work–home conflict, low colleague support, number of work hours and workload/low autonomy were all independent predictors of occupational stress. Conclusions: The reduction in occupational stress during the years after leaving medical school may result from increased competency in clinical work and decreased on-call work. The Co-ordination Act implemented in 2012 may explain the increase in occupational stress among GPs. These findings suggest that both reducing work–home conflict and increasing colleague support are important for doctors’ well-being.