Incidence and risk factors of complications during central venous access devices removal in children

Abstract

Purpose: To quantify the rates and identify risk factors for the complications of central venous access devices (CVADs) removal in children. Method: Retrospective (2018–2023) review of children undergoing CVADs removal at a single institution. Data are reported as frequency, percentages and median. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with difficult removal. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) analysis was conducted to identify the age cut-off and positive likelihood ratio (+LH) for the indwelling time associated with complicated removal. p-Value <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: We identified 208 CVAD removals with a median age of 7.2 (0.2–18.4) years including 116 (55.8%) males. The median CVAD placement duration was 1.26 years (0.4–5.7) years. Indications for insertion included acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL; 78/208, 37.5%), lymphomas (31/208, 14.9%), other malignancies (58/208, 27.9%). Removal indications included completion of treatment (144/208, 69.2%), infection (22/208, 10.6%), malfunction (7/208, 3.4%) and other reasons (35/208, 16.8%). There were 20 (9.6%) complications characterised by difficulty removing the CVAD. Complicated removals were more likely to occur in children with ALL as the primary diagnosis ( p = 0.001); independently of the indication for insertion, longer indwelling time was associated with higher risk of complicated removal ( p < 0.001). Indwelling time >2.09 years was associated with a 2.87 increased risk of difficult removal. Conclusion: In our experience, almost 10% of CVAD removals in children result in complications. These findings are associated with an indwelling time >2 years; strategies to prevent complicated removals should be considered in children requiring long-term central venous access.