A literature overview of modern biomechanical-based technologies for bike-fitting professionals and coaches

Abstract

The optimization of cycling position is essential to improve performance and prevent overuse injuries. Bike-fitting methods, based on biomechanical variables, have been proposed in the scientific literature. To facilitate and generalize their use, the bike-fitting industry has developed various technologies to study and analyze the cycling position. The vast majority of bike-fitting protocols are based on joint kinematics, which can be evaluated in laboratory with two- or three-dimensional motion analysis systems. Joint kinematics can also be assessed in outdoor conditions with inertial measurement units, but currently, these tools provide a limited number of variables compared to laboratory systems. In addition, the bike-fitting professional can analyse pedalling technique with pedal forces to understand the effects of the bike adjustments on pedalling effectiveness. To complete the biomechanical evaluation, pressure mapping sensors allow for the measurement of the pressure load and distribution on the interfaces between the cyclist and the bicycle to detect imbalances and choose bike components (e.g., saddle). To go further in the analysis, muscular activity can be assessed with surface electromyography sensors to detect imbalances or asymmetry. The aim of this literature overview is to clearly define the role of these technologies in a bike-fitting protocol and identify their characteristics and limitations while proposing perspectives for future developments. Therefore, this work is intended for bike-fitting professionals and coaches wishing to choose the most suitable technologies to study and improve the cycling position, and for the bike-fitting industry, in order to optimize existing technologies and help develop new concepts.