Considerations in Eyelid Reconstruction in Treacher Collins Syndrome: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Objective: Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a rare congenital craniofacial disorder with extensive associated eyelid deformities. Given its rarity and the breadth of manifestations, many treatment options have been previously described, but never summarized. Design: A literature review adherent to PRISMA guidelines and pertaining to surgical outcomes of TCS eyelid repair was performed. Successful surgical outcomes were defined as improvement or satisfaction as described by the authors. Results: A total of 144 patients and 212 procedures from 24 articles were included in this review. The mean age of first eyelid reconstruction was 13 years (range 1-36 years). Previous craniofacial surgery for malar insufficiency was performed in 57% of patients using a calvarial bone graft (n = 56), temporal osteomuscular flap (n = 21), split-rib graft (n = 3), and malar implant (n = 2). Patients underwent between 1 and 3 eyelid procedures (median 2). Most common eyelid defects included pseudocolobomas (54%), lateral canthal dystopia (38%), and true colobomas (8%). Coloboma repairs had the highest success rate (92%), followed by pseudocoloboma (80%), and lateral canthal dystopia repair (79%). Coloboma repair had the highest revision rate (13%), followed by pseudocoloboma repair (2%). Conclusion: TCS eyelid abnormalities most commonly present as pseudocolobomas, true colobomas, and lateral canthal dystopia. Given this diversity of presentations in TCS, surgical management must ultimately be tailored to the collective defects present with consideration of previous craniofacial reconstruction and current midface development.