Biomechanical Consequences of a Complete Radial Tear Adjacent to the Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Attachment Site

Abstract

Background: Complete radial tears near the medial meniscus posterior root attachment site disrupt the circumferential integrity of the meniscus (similar to a posterior root avulsion). These tears can compromise the circumferential integrity, and they have been reported in biomechanical studies to be comparable with the meniscectomized state. Purpose: To quantify the tibiofemoral contact pressure and contact area changes that occur in cadaveric knees from complete posterior horn radial tears and subsequent repairs of the medial meniscus adjacent to the posterior root attachment site. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Six nonpaired fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees each underwent 45 different testing conditions: 9 medial meniscus conditions (intact, root avulsion, root repair, serial radial tear at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the root attachment site, and in situ repair at the same 3 distances from the root attachment site) at 5 flexion angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°), under a 1000-N axial load. Tekscan sensors were used to measure contact area and pressure in the medial and lateral compartments. Results: The medial meniscus root avulsion and all radial tear conditions resulted in significantly decreased contact area and increased mean contact pressure compared with the intact state for knee flexion angles beyond 0° ( P < .05). The root repair and in situ repairs restored contact area and pressure to levels statistically indistinguishable from those of the intact meniscus and increased contact area and decreased contact pressure compared with the corresponding tear conditions. Conclusion: Posterior horn radial tears adjacent to the medial meniscus root that extend to the meniscocapsular junction can lead to derangement of the loading profiles of the medial compartment that are similar to a root avulsion. Repair of these radial tears with an in situ pull-out technique restored joint mechanics to the intact state. Clinical Relevance: Complete radial tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus, which occur relatively frequently, are biomechanically equivalent to root avulsions and could potentially lead to medial compartment arthrosis. An in situ repair offers an alternative treatment to meniscectomy and can reestablish the posterior anchor point, thus improving load distribution in the medial compartment. Future clinical studies of these repairs are recommended.