Damage Control Laparotomy in the Cirrhotic Trauma Patient is Highly Lethal: A Matched Cohort Study

Abstract

Introduction Damage control laparotomy (DCL) has revolutionized trauma care and is considered the standard of care for severely injured patients requiring laparotomy. The role of DCL in cirrhotic patients has not been investigated. Methods A matched cohort study using American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program database including patients undergoing DCL within 24 hours of admission. A 1:2 cohort matching of cirrhotic vs. non-cirrhotic patients was matched for the following criteria: age (>55, ≤55 years), gender, mechanism of injury (blunt and penetrating), injury severity score (ISS) (≤25, >25), head/face/neck Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) (<3, ≥3), chest AIS (<3, ≥3), abdominal AIS (<3, ≥3), and overall comorbidities. Outcomes between the 2 cohorts were subsequently compared with univariable analysis. Results Overall, 1151 patients with DCL within 24 hours were identified, 29 (2.5%) with liver cirrhosis. Six cirrhotic patients were excluded because there were no suitable matching controls. The remaining 23 cirrhotic patients were matched with 46 non-cirrhotic patients. Overall mortality in the cirrhotic group was 65% vs. 26% in the non-cirrhotic group ( P = .002). The higher mortality rate in cirrhotic vs. non-cirrhotic patients was accentuated in the group with ISS >25 (83% vs. 33%; P = .005). 40% of the deaths in cirrhotic patients occurred after 10 days of admission, compared to only 8% in non-cirrhotic patients ( P = .091). The total blood product use within 24 hours was significantly higher in cirrhotic than non-cirrhotic patients [33 (14-46) units vs. 19.9 (4-32) units; P = .044]. Conclusion Cirrhotic trauma patients undergoing DCL have a very high mortality. A significant number of deaths occur late and alternative methods of physiological support should be considered.