Apicomplexan-like parasites are polyphyletic and widely but selectively dependent on cryptic plastid organelles

Author:

Janouškovec Jan1ORCID,Paskerova Gita G2ORCID,Miroliubova Tatiana S23,Mikhailov Kirill V45,Birley Thomas1,Aleoshin Vladimir V45ORCID,Simdyanov Timur G6ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom

2. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

3. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

4. Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation

5. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

6. Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation

Abstract

The phylum Apicomplexa comprises human pathogens such as Plasmodium but is also an under-explored hotspot of evolutionary diversity central to understanding the origins of parasitism and non-photosynthetic plastids. We generated single-cell transcriptomes for all major apicomplexan groups lacking large-scale sequence data. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that apicomplexan-like parasites are polyphyletic and their similar morphologies emerged convergently at least three times. Gregarines and eugregarines are monophyletic, against most expectations, and rhytidocystids and Eleutheroschizon are sister lineages to medically important taxa. Although previously unrecognized, plastids in deep-branching apicomplexans are common, and they contain some of the most divergent and AT-rich genomes ever found. In eugregarines, however, plastids are either abnormally reduced or absent, thus increasing known plastid losses in eukaryotes from two to four. Environmental sequences of ten novel plastid lineages and structural innovations in plastid proteins confirm that plastids in apicomplexans and their relatives are widespread and share a common, photosynthetic origin.

Funder

University College London

Russian Foundation for Basic Research

Russian Science Foundation

Saint Petersburg State University

Publisher

eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd

Subject

General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine,General Neuroscience

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