1. Department of Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8543, Japan
2. Department of Emergency Medical Services, Life Flight and Disaster medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8543, Japan
3. Emergency Sector of Ebetsu City Fire Department, Yoyogicho, 80–8, Nopporo, Hokkaido, 069–0817, Japan
4. Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8556, Japan
5. Department of Advanced Critical Care and Emergency Center, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8543, Japan
6. Department of Pharmacy, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8543, Japan
7. Department of Emergency Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1, West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8543, Japan
8. Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan