A Biomechanical Comparison of Locked Unicortical with Non-Locking Bicortical Screws for Metacarpal Shaft Fractures in a Randomized Human Cadaveric Model

Abstract

Background: Locking plate fixation is widely used in large long bone fixation and is now available for small “long” bones in the hand. Potential advantages of unicortical locked fixation are reduced risk of over-drilling and therefore reduced risk of damage to surrounding structures and reduced risk of irritation from proud screws. Furthermore, unicortical fixation may be used where bicortical fixation is technically impossible. Our aim was to compare fixation strength of unicortical locked plate fixation with bicortical non-locked fixation in a human cadaveric model, by assessing strength under cyclical loading conditions and load to failure (LTF). Methods: 16 matched pairs of embalmed and refrigerated human cadaveric metacarpals were randomly allocated to either unicortical locked or bicortical non-locked plate and screw fixation. A transverse osteotomy was made. Fractures were stabilized with 2.0 mm self-tapping locking or cortical screws. Each metacarpal was then loaded with a 3-point cantilever testing using a 100 N cell on an Instron materials testing device, cyclically loading them at 1,000 repetitions of 30 N and 50 N. If there was no visible failure of the fixation from cyclical loading they were then loaded to failure with a 1 kN cell. Results: There was a significant difference of average LTF between the bicortical non-locking and unicortical locking of 38.07–59.95 N (p < 0.01). However, both groups showed no statistically significant difference when comparing their performance under cyclical loading. Conclusions: The authors regard unicortical locked fixation as a useful adjunct to standard plating technique.