1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
2. Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
3. Computer Architecture Group Lab, Information Engineering Department, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
4. Department of Physics, University of Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
5. Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Combinatorics & Optimization, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, ON, Canada