Stability and Bifurcation Analysis of the Caputo Fractional-Order Asymptomatic COVID-19 Model with Multiple Time-Delays

Abstract

Throughout the last few decades, fractional-order models have been used in many fields of science and engineering, applied mathematics, and biotechnology. Fractional-order differential equations are beneficial for incorporating memory and hereditary properties into systems. Our paper proposes an asymptomatic COVID-19 model with three delay terms [Formula: see text] and fractional-order [Formula: see text]. Multiple constant time delays are included in the model to account for the latency of infection in a vector. We study the necessary and sufficient criteria for stability of steady states and Hopf bifurcations based on the three constant time-delays, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. Hopf bifurcation occurs in the addressed model at the estimated bifurcation points [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. The numerical simulations fit to real observations proving the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Fractional-order and time-delays successfully enhance the dynamics and strengthen the stability condition of the asymptomatic COVID-19 model.