Participant-derived cell line transcriptomic analyses and mouse studies reveal a role for ZNF335 in plasma cholesterol statin response

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundStatins lower circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Though highly efficacious in general, there is considerable inter-individual variation in statin efficacy that remains largely unexplained.MethodsTo identify novel genes that may modulate statin-induced LDLC lowering, we used RNA-sequencing data from 426 control- and 2 μM simvastatin-treated lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from European and African American ancestry participants of the Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics (CAP) 40 mg/day 6-week simvastatin clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier:NCT00451828). We correlated statin-induced changes in LCL gene expression with plasma LDLC statin response in the corresponding CAP participants. For the most correlated gene identified (ZNF335), we followed upin vivoby comparing plasma cholesterol levels, lipoprotein profiles, and lipid statin response between wild-type mice and carriers of a hypomorphic (partial loss of function) missense mutation inZfp335(the mouse homolog ofZNF335).ResultsThe statin-induced expression changes of 147 human LCL genes were significantly correlated to the plasma LDLC statin responses of the corresponding CAP participantsin vivo(FDR=5%). The two genes with the strongest correlations were zinc finger protein 335 (ZNF335akaNIF-1, rho=0.237, FDR-adj p=0.0085) and CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 3 (CNOT3, rho=0.233, FDR-adj p=0.0085). Chow-fed mice carrying a hypomorphic missense (R1092W; aka bloto) mutation inZfp335had significantly lower non-HDL cholesterol levels than wild type C57BL/6J mice in a sex combined model (p=0.04). Furthermore, male (but not female) mice carrying theZfp335R1092Wallele had significantly lower total and HDL cholesterol levels than wild-type mice. In a separate experiment, wild-type mice fed a control diet for 4 weeks and a matched simvastatin diet for an additional 4 weeks had significant statin-induced reductions in non-HDLC (−43±18% and -23±19% for males and females, respectively). Wild-type male (but not female) mice experienced significant reductions in plasma LDL particle concentrations, while male mice carryingZfp335R1092Wallele(s) exhibited a significantly blunted LDL statin response.ConclusionsOurin vitroandin vivostudies identifiedZNF335as a novel modulator of plasma cholesterol levels and statin response, suggesting that variation in ZNF335 activity could contribute to inter-individual differences in statin clinical efficacy.