Unveiling lipid chemodiversity in root exudates: A comprehensive characterization of the exudate metabo-lipidome in a perennial grass

Abstract

AbstractThe rhizosphere, where plant roots meet soil, is a hub of biogeochemical activity with ecosystem impacts on carbon stocks. Root derived carbon has been found to contribute more to soil carbon stocks than aboveground litter. Nonetheless, the molecular chemodiversity of root exudates remains poorly understood due to limited characterization and annotation. Here our goal was to discover the molecular chemodiversity of metabolites and lipids in root exudates to advance our understanding of plant root inputs belowground. We worked with mature, field-grown tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) and optimized exudate collection protocols to enable the capture of non-polar lipids in addition to polar and semi-polar metabolites. Rates of carbon input via hydrophobic exudates were approximately double that of aqueous exudates and carbon/nitrogen ratios were markedly higher in hydrophobic compared to aqueous exudates, emphasizing the importance of lipids, due to their high carbon content. To maximize molecular coverage of exudate chemodiversity, we used liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass-spectrometry for paired untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics or ‘metabo-lipidomics’. We substantially increased the characterization of exudate chemodiversity by employing both tandem mass spectral library searching and deep learning-based chemical class assignment. Notably, in this unprecedented characterization of intact lipids in root exudates, we discovered a diverse variety of lipids, including substantial levels of triacylglycerols (∼19 μg/g fresh root per min), fatty acyls, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, and glycerophospholipids. Comparison of the root exudate and tissue lipidomes revealed minimum glycerophospholipids in exudates, suggesting the exudate protocol did not extract lipids from root cell membranes.