Reducing Inequalities Using an Unbiased Machine Learning Approach to Identify Births with the Highest Risk of Preventable Neonatal Deaths

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundDespite contemporaneous declines in neonatal mortality, recent studies show the existence of left-behind populations that continue to have higher mortality rates than the national averages. Additionally, many of these deaths are from preventable causes. This reality creates the need for more precise methods to identify high-risk births so that policymakers can more precisely target them. This study fills this gap by developing unbiased machine-learning approaches to more accurately identify births with a high risk of neonatal deaths from preventable causes.MethodsWe link administrative databases from the Brazilian health ministry to obtain birth and death records in the country from 2015 to 2017. The final dataset comprises 8,797,968 births, of which 59,615 newborns died before reaching 28 days alive (neonatal deaths). These neonatal deaths are categorized into preventable deaths (42,290) and non-preventable deaths (17,325). Our analysis identifies the death risk of the former group, as they are amenable to policy interventions. We train six machine-learning algorithms, test their performance on unseen data, and evaluate them using a new policy-oriented metric. To avoid biased policy recommendations, we also investigate how our approach impacts disadvantaged populations.ResultsXGBoost was the best performance algorithm for our task: the 5% births of the highest predicted risk from this model capture more than 85% of the actual deaths. Furthermore, the risk predictions exhibit no statistical differences in the proportion of actual preventable deaths from disadvantaged populations, defined by race, education, marital status, and maternal age. These results are similar for other thresh-old levels.ConclusionsWe show that, by using publicly available administrative data sets and ML methods, it is possible to identify the births with the highest risk of preventable deaths with a high degree of accuracy. This is useful for policymakers as they can target health interventions to those who need them the most and where they can be effective without producing bias against disadvantaged populations. Overall, our approach can guide policymakers in reducing neonatal mortality rates and their health inequalities. Finally, it can be adapted to be used in other developing countries.