Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases among Bangladeshi Adults: An Application of Generalized Linear Mixed Model on Multilevel Demographic and Health Survey Data

Abstract

AbstractObjectiveThe research effort addresses the impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), particularly diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN), on Bangladesh, a lower-middle-income country. Due to their higher incidences and associated risks, DM and HTN present substantial concerns. The paper clarifies the need for specific public health initiatives and emphasizes the socioeconomic and lifestyle-related factors of NCDs.MethodsA mixed-model technique is employed to conduct a multivariate analysis of the cross sectional data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017-18, with the aim of identifying possible risk factors. We have two outcome variables under consideration in the study, namely Diabetes, and Hypertension, each having binary categories. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) in addition to their corresponding p-values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess and evaluate the relative strength of covariates.ResultsThose with hypertension have a 28% (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.43) higher risk of developing diabetes. Likewise, individuals with diabetes have a 24% (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.39) increased probability of developing hypertension. People over 40 years old are 66.4% more likely to have diabetes. Also, rich people are more likely to be diabetic and hypertensive.ConclusionThe prevalence of diabetes is significantly elevated among individuals aged 40 years and older, particularly among those who have hypertension, are overweight, and possess a higher socioeconomic status. In contrast, there is a notable increase in the likelihood of developing hypertension among male individuals who are diabetic, above the age of 40, who already have hypertension, are overweight and have a higher socioeconomic class. There is a good chance that presenting these risk factors to policymakers could contribute to the amelioration of the NCDs crisis in Bangladesh.