Abstract
AbstractAn intricate meshwork of trabeculations lines the luminal side of cardiac ventricles. Compaction, a developmental process, is thought to reduce trabeculations by adding them to the neighboring compact wall which is then enlarged. When pig, a plausible cardiac donor for xenotransplantation, is compared to human, the ventricular walls appear to have fewer trabeculations. We hypothesized the trabecular volume is proportionally smaller in pig than in human. Macroscopically, we observed in sixteen pig hearts that the ventricular walls harbor few but large trabeculations. Close inspection revealed a high number of tiny trabeculations, a few hundred, within the recesses of the large trabeculations. While tiny, these were still larger than embryonic trabeculations and even when considering their number, the total tally of trabeculations in pig was much fewer than in human. Volumetrics based on high-resolution MRI of additional six pig hearts compared to six human hearts, revealed the left ventricles were not significantly differently trabeculated (21.5 versus 22.8%, respectively), and the porcine right ventricles were only slightly less trabeculated (42.1 versus 49.3%, respectively). We then analyzed volumetrically ten pig embryonic hearts from gestational day 14 to 35. The trabecular and compact layer always grew, as did the intertrabecular recesses, in contrast to what compaction predicts. The proportions of the trabecular and compact layers changed substantially, nonetheless, due to differences in their growth rate rather than compaction. In conclusion, processes that affect the trabecular morphology do not necessarily affect the proportion of trabecular-to-compact myocardium and they are then distinct from compaction.
Publisher
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Reference70 articles.
1. Comparative Anatomy of the Heart of Mammals;Zoological Journal Of The Linnean Society,1990
2. The hypertrabeculated (noncompacted) left ventricle is different from the ventricle of embryos and ectothermic vertebrates
3. XIV. On the arrangement of the muscular fibres in the ventricles of the vertebrate heart, with physiological remarks
4. Benninghoff, A. , Das Herz , in Handbuch der vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, L. Bolk , et al., Editors. 1933, Urban & Schwarzenberg: Berlin. p. 467–555.
5. Streeter Jr, D.D. , Gross Morphology and Fiber Geometry of the Heart, in Handbook of Physiology. 1979, American Physiology Society. p. 61–112.
Cited by
2 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献