Proliferation and Survival of T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Depends on mTOR-regulated Glutamine Uptake and EAAT1-dependent Conversion of Glutamine to Aspartate and Nucleotides

Abstract

SummaryT-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is a cancer of the immune system. Approximately 20% of paediatric and 50% of adult T-ALL patients relapse and die from the disease. To improve patient outcome new drugs are needed. With the aim to identify new therapeutic targets, we integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics data, including live-cell NMR-spectroscopy, of cell lines and patient samples. We found that T-ALL cells have limited energy availability, resulting in active AMPK-signalling and reduced autophagy. Despite this, mTOR kinase remains active and essential for glutamine-uptake that fuels rapid proliferation. Glutamine fuels aspartate synthesis and together they supply three nitrogen atoms in purines and all atoms but one carbon in pyrimidine rings. We show that EAAT1, a glutamate-aspartate transporter normally only expressed in the CNS, is crucial for glutamine conversion to nucleotides and that T-ALL cell proliferation depends on EAAT1 function, identifying it as a target for T-ALL treatment. Finally, we performed anin silicoscreen and identified a novel EAAT1-specific allosteric inhibitor.