Author:
Iyer Narayan V.,Kotch Lori E.,Agani Faton,Leung Sandra W.,Laughner Erik,Wenger Roland H.,Gassmann Max,Gearhart John D.,Lawler Ann M.,Yu Aimee Y.,Semenza Gregg L.
Abstract
Hypoxia is an essential developmental and physiological stimulus that plays a key role in the pathophysiology of cancer, heart attack, stroke, and other major causes of mortality. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is the only known mammalian transcription factor expressed uniquely in response to physiologically relevant levels of hypoxia. We now report that in Hif1a−/−embryonic stem cells that did not express the O2-regulated HIF-1α subunit, levels of mRNAs encoding glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes were reduced, and cellular proliferation was impaired. Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression was also markedly decreased in hypoxicHif1a−/− embryonic stem cells and cystic embryoid bodies. Complete deficiency of HIF-1α resulted in developmental arrest and lethality by E11 ofHif1a−/− embryos that manifested neural tube defects, cardiovascular malformations, and marked cell death within the cephalic mesenchyme. InHif1a+/+ embryos, HIF-1α expression increased between E8.5 and E9.5, coincident with the onset of developmental defects and cell death inHif1a−/− embryos. These results demonstrate that HIF-1α is a master regulator of cellular and developmental O2 homeostasis.
Publisher
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Subject
Developmental Biology,Genetics
Cited by
2106 articles.
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