Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of the Clinical pHysical rEsilience assEssment Scale (CHEES) in Chinese Older Adults

  • Original Research
  • Published:
The Journal of Frailty & Aging Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Physical resilience is an emerging concept that describes an individual’s capacity to recover from stressors. However, few instruments are currently available for assessing physical resilience

Objective

To develop a scale to assess physical resilience in older adults.

Design

Development of a clinical scale.

Setting and Participants

A total of 172 hospitalized older adults were recruited.

Measurements

This study comprised two stages. First, a pool of physical resilience scale items was created through a literature review, and the Delphi method was used to establish an initial scale. Second, the initial physical resilience scale was tested on hospitalized older adults. RESULTS: Five primary and 19 secondary items were identified after reviewing the literature. After two rounds of expert consultations, three primary and 16 secondary items were determined. The overall Cronbach’s alpha for the scale was 0.760. Except for items N2, N4, N5, N8, and N14, Pearson’s correlation between the scores of the remaining items and the total score ranged from 0.407 to 0.672. Except for items N2, N4, and N5, the corrected item-total correlation results ranged from 0.301 to 0.580, indicating good consistency between each item and the overall scale. Factor analysis showed that except for N7, the factor loadings of the remaining items were between 0.584 and 0.844. After expert discussions, items N2, N4, N7, and N14 were included in the scale, and items N5 and N8 were removed.

Conclusion

A 14-item physical resilience scale, CHEES, was developed to assess physical resilience levels in older adults.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ageing and health. World Health Organization. 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health.

  2. Friedman SM, Mulhausen P, Cleveland ML, et al. Healthy Aging: American Geriatrics Society White Paper Executive Summary. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019;67(1):17–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Whitson HE, Duan-Porter W, Schmader KE, et al. Physical Resilience in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Development of an Emerging Construct. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016;71(4):489–95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hadley EC, Kuchel GA, Newman AB, Workshop S, Participants. Report: NIA Workshop on Measures of Physiologic Resiliencies in Human Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017;72(7):980–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx015.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Colón-Emeric C, Pieper CF, Schmader KE, et al. Two approaches to classifying and quantifying physical resilience in longitudinal data. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020;75(4):731–38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz097.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Varadhan R, Walston JD, Bandeen-Roche K. Can physical resilience and frailty in older adults be linked by the study of dynamical systems? J Am Geriatr Soc 2018;66(8):1455. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15409.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Pedone C, Costanzo L, Finamore P, et al. Defining resilience in older people: does a subjective definition of stressor work? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021;76(8):1480–85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sotos-Prieto M, Ortola R, Lopez-Garcia E, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Garcia-Esquinas E. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Resilience in Older Adults: The Seniors-ENRICA Cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021;76(3):505–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kolk D, Melis RJ, MacNeil-Vroomen JL, et al. Physical Resilience in Daily Functioning Among Acutely Ill Hospitalized Older Adults: The Hospital-ADL Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2022;23(5):903. e1–e12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2021.08.029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Laskow T, Zhu J, Buta B, et al. Risk Factors for Nonresilient Outcomes in Older Adults After Total Knee Replacement. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022;77(9):1915–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wagnild G. A review of the Resilience Scale. J Nurs Meas 2009;17(2):105–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.17.2.105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Li YT, Ow YSY. Development of resilience scale for older adults. Aging Ment Health 2022;26(1):159–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1861212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. FW H, CH L, PH L, CY L. Predictive Validity of the Physical Resilience Instrument for Older Adults (PRIFOR). J Nutr Health Aging 2021;25(9):1042–45. doi: doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2019.04.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hu FW, Lin CH, Yueh FR, Lo YT, Lin CY. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Physical Resilience Instrument for Older Adults (PRIFOR). BMC Geriatr 2022;22(1):229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-02918-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. de Meyrick J. The Delphi method and health research. Health education 2003;103(1):7–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kors JA, van Bemmel JH. The Delphi method: a review of its applications in medicine. Medinfo 1989;89:156–60.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Nasa P, Jain R, Juneja D. Delphi methodology in healthcare research: how to decide its appropriateness. World Journal of Methodology 2021;11(4):116.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Deng X, Ye M, Li W, et al. Development of a humanistic care digital storytelling programme for intensive care unit nursing students: Feasibility and satisfaction analysis. Nurse Education Today 2023:105998.

  19. Ruan Y, Song S-j, Yin Z-f, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of military training-induced fatigue among soldiers in China: A Delphi consensus study. Frontiers in Public Health 2022;10:1004910. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1004910.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Dimitrov DM. Statistical methods for validation of assessment scale data in counseling and related fields: John Wiley & Sons 2014.

  21. Whitson HE, Cohen HJ, Schmader KE, et al. Physical Resilience: Not Simply the Opposite of Frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018;66(8):1459–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15233.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Gijzel SMW, Rector J, van Meulen FB, et al. Measurement of Dynamical Resilience Indicators Improves the Prediction of Recovery Following Hospitalization in Older Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020;21(4):525–30 e4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.10.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Li J, Chhetri JK, Ma L. Physical resilience in older adults: Potential use in promoting healthy aging. Ageing Res Rev 2022;81:101701.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chhetri JK, Xue QL, Ma L, Chan P, R. V. Intrinsic Capacity as a Determinant of Physical Resilience in Older Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2021;25(8):1006–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1629-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Gooding PA, Hurst A, Johnson J, Tarrier N. Psychological resilience in young and older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012;27(3):262–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2712.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Resnick B, Galik E, Dorsey S, et al. Reliability and validity testing of the physical resilience measure. Gerontologist 2011;51(5):643–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnr016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety 2003;18(2):76–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. McFarland MJ, Hill TD, Montez JK. Income Inequality and Population Health: Examining the Role of Social Policy. J Health Soc Behav 2023;64(1):2–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/00221465221109202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge all the people who participated in the cohort study.

Funding

Funding: This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFC2008606).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Jiatong Li and Pan Liu are co-first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Capital Medical University National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China

    Jiatong Li, Pan Liu, Y. Zhang, G. Wang, Y. Zhou, Y. Xing, L. Zhang, Y. Li & Lina Ma

Authors
  1. Jiatong Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pan Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Y. Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. G. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Y. Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Y. Xing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. L. Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Y. Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Lina Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Author’s contributions: Lina Ma conceived the study design and supervised the study, Jiatong Li, Pan Liu, Yun Li, Yaxin Zhang, Guanzhen Wang, Yaru Zhou, Yiwen Xing, and Li Zhang performed the data collection and analysis, interpreted the results, and drafted the initial manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lina Ma.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of Interest: All the authors declare no conflicts of interest in the present study.

Ethical standards: This study was carried out in accordance with the ethical standard.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, J., Liu, P., Zhang, Y. et al. Development of the Clinical pHysical rEsilience assEssment Scale (CHEES) in Chinese Older Adults. J Frailty Aging 13, 125–130 (2024). https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2024.24

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2024.24

Key words

Search

Navigation