Sexual differences in bite force are not related to testosterone level in the wild-derived red junglefowl

Abstract

Abstract Bite force is an important performance indicator of individual fitness that is closely related to food acquisition, male competition, and mating selection. It is also affected by a variety of factors and different mechanisms. Therefore, it is relatively difficult to understand the evolutionary driving forces of changes in bite force. In this study, the driving factors affecting the bite force of wild-derived red junglefowl (Gallus gallus jabouillei) were investigated from the aspects of morphological indicators and physiological characteristics. Results showed that the bite force of wild-derived red junglefowl was directly related to sex, showing obvious sexual differences. However, there was no correlation between the plasma testosterone level and bite force. The bite force of males was significantly greater than that of females, and the body index (i.e., PC1 of five body measures, namely body mass, body length, wing length, tail length, and tarsus length), the grasp index (i.e., tomial length × bill width) of males were significantly greater than those of females. Sexual selection may have played a key role in the evolution of bite force in the red junglefowl. Future studies should examine other key factors affecting changes in bite force to verify the correlation between secondary sexual characteristics and bite force in red junglefowls.