Effects of Nicotine Content and Preferred Flavor on Subjective Responses to E-cigarettes: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Laboratory Study

Author:

Bremmer Michael P12ORCID,Campbell Alana M3,Xia Kai3ORCID,Tarran Robert4ORCID,Girdler Susan S3,Hendershot Christian S32

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychology & Neuroscience , Chapel Hill, NC , USA

2. Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA

3. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA

4. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , NC , USA

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Evidence suggests that e-liquid flavor and nicotine concentration are important factors in the initiation and maintenance of e-cigarette use (vaping). Flavors may increase the initiation and maintenance of vaping, and nicotine content is a factor in e-cigarette dependence and the efficacy of e-cigarettes for cigarette smoking cessation. Few human laboratory studies have assessed the joint and interactive effects of flavor and nicotine on subjective responses to e-cigarettes. Methods Regular e-cigarette users (N = 89) completed a multi-session study involving a paced vaping procedure with e-liquid cartridges containing their preferred flavor (berry, menthol, or tobacco) or no flavor, with or without nicotine (18 mg). Subjective effects of vaping (satisfaction, reward, aversion, airway sensations, and craving relief) were assessed. Results Nicotine significantly increased psychological reward and craving relief, whereas flavor significantly increased vaping satisfaction and taste. Nicotine dependence severity moderated the effect of nicotine on reward, such that those with the greatest dependence severity reported the greatest reward. Conclusions These findings support differential and noninteractive effects of e-liquid nicotine content and flavor on reinforcing effects of e-cigarettes. Implications E-liquid flavor and nicotine content have independent, non-interactive effects on subjective responses to vaping under controlled laboratory conditions. Among regular e-cigarette users, vaping a preferred flavor increased taste and satisfaction, but did not interact with nicotine to alter reward or craving. Further research on the ways in which these subjective effects may motivate vaping behavior among different populations of e-cigarette users would be useful to inform regulatory policy of ENDS products.

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

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