Tracing the Genetic Legacy of the Tibetan Empire in the Balti

Author:

Yang Xing-Yan12,Rakha Allah34,Chen Wei56,Hou Juzhi7,Qi Xue-Bin1,Shen Quan-Kuan18,Dai Shan-Shan18,Sulaiman Xierzhatijiang1,Abdulloevich Najmudinov Tojiddin9,Afanasevna Manilova Elena9,Ibrohimovich Khudoidodov Behruz9,Chen Xi1011,Yang Wei-Kang1011,Adnan Atif12,Zhao Ruo-Han1,Yao Yong-Gang4813,Su Bing1814,Peng Min-Sheng1813,Zhang Ya-Ping1281314

Affiliation:

1. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

2. State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China

3. Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

4. Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

5. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China

6. State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China

7. Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology (LAE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

8. Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

9. E.N. Pavlovsky Institute of Zoology and Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

10. Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China

11. Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China

12. Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China

13. KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

14. Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

Abstract

Abstract The rise and expansion of Tibetan Empire in the 7th to 9th centuries AD affected the course of history across East Eurasia, but the genetic impact of Tibetans on surrounding populations remains undefined. We sequenced 60 genomes for four populations from Pakistan and Tajikistan to explore their demographic history. We showed that the genomes of Balti people from Baltistan comprised 22.6–26% Tibetan ancestry. We inferred a single admixture event and dated it to about 39–21 generations ago, a period that postdated the conquest of Baltistan by the ancient Tibetan Empire. The analyses of mitochondrial DNA, Y, and X chromosome data indicated that both ancient Tibetan males and females were involved in the male-biased dispersal. Given the fact that the Balti people adopted Tibetan language and culture in history, our study suggested the impact of Tibetan Empire on Baltistan involved dominant cultural and minor demic diffusion.

Funder

Chinese Academy of Sciences

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Bureau of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province

Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative

Youth Innovation Promotion Association

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Genetics,Molecular Biology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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