Eclipse timing variations in post-common envelope binaries: Are they a reliable indicator of circumbinary companions?

Abstract

ABSTRACT Post-common envelope binary systems evolve when matter is transferred from the primary star at a rate that cannot be accommodated by its secondary companion. A common envelope forms, which is subsequently ejected resulting in a system with a binary period frequently between 2 and 3 h. Where circumbinary companions are predicted, it remains unclear whether they form before or after the common envelope ejection. From observations of eclipse timing variations (ETVs), exoplanet data bases e.g. NASA Exoplanet Archive, list typically a dozen systems with confirmed circumbinary planets. Here, we examine seven of these systems, discuss other possible causes, and consider whether, for these dynamic systems, the ETV methodology is a reliable indicator of planetary companions. The systems selected were those where we could determine precise eclipse timings, free from significant extraneous effects such as pulsations, and present 163 new times of minima permitting us to test existing models. Over 30 circumbinary models have been proposed for these seven systems and note that all, other than the latest model for NY Vir, which remains to be fully tested, fail within a year to accurately predict eclipse times. In examining alternative mechanisms, we find that magnetic effects could contribute significantly in two of the seven systems studied. We conclude that the structure of these dynamic systems, with the extreme temperature differences and small binary separations, is not fully understood and that many factors may contribute to the observed ETVs.