Multilevel Bayesian analysis of monk parakeet contact calls shows dialects between European cities

Author:

Smeele Simeon Q1234ORCID,Tyndel Stephen A12ORCID,Aplin Lucy M156ORCID,McElreath Mary Brooke13ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Cognitive & Cultural Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior , Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell , Germany

2. Department of Biology, University of Konstanz , Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz , Germany

3. Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology , Deutscher Pl. 6, 04103 Leipzig , Germany

4. Ecoscience, Aarhus University , Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark

5. Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601 , Australia

6. Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Science, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich , Switzerland

Abstract

Abstract Geographic differences in vocalizations provide strong evidence for animal culture, with patterns likely arising from generations of social learning and transmission. Most studies on the evolution of avian vocal variation have predominantly focused on fixed repertoire, territorial song in passerine birds. The study of vocal communication in open-ended learners and in contexts where vocalizations serve other functions is therefore necessary for a more comprehensive understanding of vocal dialect evolution. Parrots are open-ended vocal production learners that use vocalizations for social contact and coordination. Geographic variation in parrot vocalizations typically take the form of either distinct regional variations known as dialects or graded variation based on geographic distance known as clinal variation. In this study, we recorded monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) across multiple spatial scales (i.e., parks and cities) in their European invasive range. We then compared calls using a multilevel Bayesian model and sensitivity analysis, with this novel approach allowing us to explicitly compare vocalizations at multiple spatial scales. We found support for founder effects and/or cultural drift at the city level, consistent with passive cultural processes leading to large-scale dialect differences. We did not find a strong signal for dialect or clinal differences between parks within cities, suggesting that birds did not actively converge on a group level signal, as expected under the group membership hypothesis. We demonstrate the robustness of our findings and offer an explanation that unifies the results of prior monk parakeet vocalization studies.

Funder

Max Planck Society

International Max Planck Research School

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Animal Science and Zoology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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