Our world is increasingly marked by climate change, environmental degradation, and conflict over precious resources such as oil, water, and land. In each case, access to valuable resources is at stake. We require a normative account of how to share the benefits and burdens natural resources provide. But to date we have no comprehensive account of the demands of justice when it comes to natural resources. This book fills that gap. It provides a systematic account of how to think about natural resources, and the conflicting claims people have over them. It also sets out the concrete implications of that account. It criticizes the status quo in world politics, according to which resources themselves, and decisions about how to use them, are the preserve of individual states. Instead it shows that justice requires a more equal sharing of the benefits and burdens that flow from the world’s resources, and shared management of many of the world’s resources. Along the way it addresses important real-world questions such as: how should access to the resources of the oceans be shared? How good are national claims to the enormous resource wealth found in Sovereign Wealth Funds? Should we stop buying natural resources from dictators? And who should pay for conservation of valuable resources such as the world’s rainforests?