Child Emotion Regulation Capacity Moderates the Association Between Parent Behaviors and Child Distress During Pediatric Venipuncture

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Medical needle procedures are a common source of pain, distress, and fear for children, which can worsen over time and lead to needle noncompliance and avoidance, if unaddressed. Children’s pain experience is multiply determined by external (e.g., parent behaviors) and internal (e.g., cognitive and affective) factors. Some parent behaviors (e.g., reassurance, giving control to child, empathy, apologies, criticism) have related to poor child pain experiences. No research has examined how children’s internal emotion regulation, commonly measured via heart rate variability (HRV), may buffer, or strengthen this association. This study is the first to examine child HRV in relation to pain experiences, and as a moderator between a constellation of parent behaviors (reassurance, giving control, empathy) and child pain, fear, and distress. Methods Sixty-one children aged 7–12 years undergoing venipuncture and a parent participated. Child HRV was measured before the procedure. After venipuncture, children rated their pain and fear. Parent and child behaviors during venipuncture were coded using the “distress promoting” and “distress” composites of the Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised. Results Children with lower HRV displayed greater distress. Child HRV moderated the positive association between parent behaviors (reassurance, giving control, empathy) and child distress such that the association was strongest among children with low HRV. Conclusions Findings suggest children with lower HRV, indicative of lower emotion regulation capacity, may be at risk of experiencing higher levels of distress and may be more vulnerable to distress when facing parent reassurance, giving control, and empathy verbalizations during venipuncture.