Deciphering Factors Linked With Reduced Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Susceptibility in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Author:
Abela Irene A12ORCID, Hauser Anthony12ORCID, Schwarzmüller Magdalena2, Pasin Chloé123, Kusejko Katharina12ORCID, Epp Selina2, Cavassini Matthias4ORCID, Battegay Manuel5, Rauch Andri6, Calmy Alexandra7ORCID, Notter Julia8, Bernasconi Enos9ORCID, Fux Christoph A10, Leuzinger Karoline11, Perreau Matthieu12, Ramette Alban13, Gottschalk Jochen14, Schindler Eméry14, Wepf Alexander15, Marconato Maddalena16, Manz Markus G16, Frey Beat M14, Braun Dominique L1, Huber Michael2ORCID, Günthard Huldrych F12, Trkola Alexandra2ORCID, Kouyos Roger D12, Abela I A, Aebi-Popp K, Anagnostopoulos A, Battegay M, Bernasconi E, Braun D L, Bucher H C, Calmy A, Cavassini M, Ciuffi A, Dollenmaier G, Egger M, Elzi L, Fehr J, Fellay J, Furrer H, Fux C A, Günthard H F, Hachfeld A, Haerry D, Hasse B, Hirsch H H, Hoffmann M, Hösli I, Huber M, Jackson-Perry D, Kahlert C R, Kaiser L, Keiser O, Klimkait T, Kouyos R D, Kovari H, Kusejko K, Labhardt N, Leuzinger K, Martinez de Tejada B, Marzolini C, Metzner K J, Müller N, Nemeth J, Nicca D, Notter J, Paioni P, Pantaleo G, Perreau M, Rauch A, Salazar-Vizcaya L, Schmid P, Speck R, Stöckle M, Tarr P, Trkola A, Wandeler G, Weisser M, Yerly S,
Affiliation:
1. Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland 2. Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland 3. Collegium Helveticum , Zurich , Switzerland 4. Division of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland 5. Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland 6. Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland 7. Laboratory of Virology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland 8. Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen , St Gallen , Switzerland 9. Division of Infectious Diseases, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale Lugano, University of Geneva and University of Southern Switzerland , Lugano , Switzerland 10. Department of Infectious Diseases, Kantonsspital Aarau , Aarau , Switzerland 11. Clinical Virology, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland 12. Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland 13. Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland 14. Blood Transfusion Service Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland 15. Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur , Winterthur , Switzerland 16. Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Factors influencing susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remain to be resolved. Using data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study on 6270 people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and serologic assessment for SARS-CoV-2 and circulating human coronavirus (HCoV) antibodies, we investigated the association of HIV-related and general parameters with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Methods
We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test results, COVID-19–related hospitalizations, and deaths reported to the Swiss HIV Cohort Study between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs were determined in prepandemic (2019) and pandemic (2020) biobanked plasma samples and compared with findings in HIV-negative individuals. We applied logistic regression, conditional logistic regression, and bayesian multivariate regression to identify determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in people with HIV.
Results
No HIV-1–related factors were associated with SARS-CoV-2 acquisition. High prepandemic HCoV antibodies were associated with a lower risk of subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection and with higher SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses on infection. We observed a robust protective effect of smoking on SARS-CoV-2 infection risk (adjusted odds ratio, 0.46 [95% confidence interval, .38–.56]; P < .001), which occurred even in previous smokers and was highest for heavy smokers.
Conclusions
Our findings of 2 independent protective factors, smoking and HCoV antibodies, both affecting the respiratory environment, underscore the importance of the local immune milieu in regulating susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2.
Funder
Swiss National Science Foundation SHCS Project 870 SHCS Research Foundation Gilead COVID-19 RFP Research Program Promedica Foundation
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Subject
Infectious Diseases,Immunology and Allergy
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