1. Key Laboratory for Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University , Tianjin , China
2. Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
3. Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
4. Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
5. Department of Urology, Pingyi County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Linyi , China
6. Department of Surgery, Zhucheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Zhucheng , China
7. Department of Urology, Fei County People’s Hospital , Linyi , China
8. Department of Urology, Juxian People’s Hospital , Rizhao , China
9. Department of Urology, Zibo Municipal Hospital , Zibo , China
10. Department of Urology, Yinan People’s Hospital , Linyi , China
11. Department of Urology, Weihai Central Hospital , Weihai , China
12. Department of Urology, Dingxi People's Hospital , Dingxi , China
13. Department of Information Management, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
14. Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Computer Assisted Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
15. Shandong Development and Reform Commission , Jinan , China
16. Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois , USA
17. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China