Characterization of Skeletal Phenotype and Associated Mechanisms With Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in the Winnie Mouse Model of Spontaneous Chronic Colitis

Abstract

Abstract Background Osteoporosis is a common extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, studies have been scarce, mainly because of the lack of an appropriate animal model of colitis-associated bone loss. In this study, we aimed to decipher skeletal manifestations in the Winnie mouse model of spontaneous chronic colitis, which carries a MUC2 gene mutation and closely replicates ulcerative colitis. In our study, Winnie mice, prior to the colitis onset at 6 weeks old and progression at 14 and 24 weeks old, were compared with age-matched C57BL/6 controls. We studied several possible mechanisms involved in colitis-associated bone loss. Methods We assessed for bone quality (eg, microcomputed tomography [micro-CT], static and dynamic histomorphometry, 3-point bending, and ex vivo bone marrow analysis) and associated mechanisms (eg, electrochemical recordings for gut-derived serotonin levels, real-time polymerase chain reaction [qRT-PCR], double immunofluorescence microscopy, intestinal inflammation levels by lipocalin-2 assay, serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D) from Winnie (6–24 weeks) and age-matched C57BL6 mice. Results Deterioration in trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture, reductions in bone formation, mineral apposition rate, bone volume/total volume, osteoid volume/bone surface, and bone strength were observed in Winnie mice compared with controls. Decreased osteoblast and increased osteoclast numbers were prominent in Winnie mice compared with controls. Upregulation of 5-HTR1B gene and increased association of FOXO1 with ATF4 complex were identified as associated mechanisms concomitant to overt inflammation and high levels of gut-derived serotonin in 14-week and 24-week Winnie mice. Conclusions Skeletal phenotype of the Winnie mouse model of spontaneous chronic colitis closely represents manifestations of IBD-associated osteoporosis/osteopenia. The onset and progression of intestinal inflammation are associated with increased gut-derived serotonin level, increased bone resorption, and decreased bone formation.