Alive and kicking: suicide rates and major soccer events in Austria, Germany and Switzerland

Author:

Pichler Eva-Maria12,Ploederl Martin34,Rainer Lucas345,Gilhofer Thomas S6,Michel Jonathan6,van der Stouwe Jan Gerrit6,Luescher Thomas F78,Schmied Christian M6,Kawohl Wolfram29,Kronschnabel Jens1,Niederseer David6ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Services Aargau AG , Brugg-Windisch, Switzerland

2. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich , Zurich Switzerland

3. Department of Inpatient Psychotherapy and Crisis Intervention, University Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg, Austria

4. Department of Clinical Psychology, Christian Doppler Clinic, University Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg, Austria

5. Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg, EpiCARE , Salzburg, Austria

6. Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland

7. Center for Molecular Cardiology Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich , Schlieren, Switzerland

8. Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Imperial College and Kings College , London, UK

9. Clienia Schlössli AG , Oetwil am See, Switzerland

Abstract

Abstract Background Major sporting events are postulated to reduce suicide rates by increased social connectedness, by identifying with winning teams, or, conversely, to increase suicide rates by the ‘broken promise effect’. Methods In our observational epidemiological study, we investigated changes in suicide rates between 1970 and 2017 in Austria, Germany and Switzerland during the European and World Soccer Championships in general, and on days that the home team played, won or lost. Results Combining all three studied nations no statistically significant change in the incidence of daily suicides during soccer championships compared to a control period was noted (38.29 ± 9.02 vs. 37.33 ± 10.58; incidence risk ratio = 1.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.05, P = 0.05). Essentially, no differences in the expected directions were found, and none remained statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons in subgroups for country, age and gender in all three studied countries. Compared to a control period, neither a significant difference in the respective national suicide rate was found after Germany’s four championship victories nor after Austria’s emotional only win over Germany. Conclusion Our results do not support the assumption of increased social connectedness and, thus, lowered suicide risk during major sporting events or changes in suicide risk depending on the outcome of important games as predicted by the broken promise effect or changes in self-efficacy by identification with winning teams.

Funder

Aargau

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

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1. Suicide in Elite Sport;Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health;2024-09

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