Social Isolation/Loneliness and Tooth Loss in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Sukagawa Study

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The relationship between social isolation/loneliness and oral health is unclear. This study investigated the association between social isolation/loneliness and tooth loss in older Japanese adults. Research Design and Methods This was a cross-sectional study of a population-based cohort (the Sukagawa Study); 5,490 cohort study participants aged ≥75 years and who were independent answered a self-administered questionnaire in 2018. Social isolation was defined based on the 6-item Japanese version of the Lubben Social Network Scale. Loneliness was measured by the 3-item Japanese version of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale version 3. The primary outcome was tooth loss, defined as having fewer than 20 teeth. The secondary outcomes were decreased toothbrushing frequency and diminished ability to chew food. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were estimated using a modified Poisson regression analysis in 2 models—Model 1, which adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, alcohol consumption, low annual income, and short education period, and Model 2, which added history of depression, history of diabetes mellitus, history of stroke, and cognitive impairment to Model 1. Results The primary analysis included 5,490 participants. Adjusted PRs of social isolation and loneliness for tooth loss (Model 1) were 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93–1.01) and 1.07 (95% CI 1.02–1.12), respectively; those for decreased toothbrushing frequency were 1.17 (95% CI 0.98– 1.39) and 1.59 (95% CI 1.30–1.93), respectively; and those for chewing difficulty were 1.65 (95% CI 1.12–2.43) and 3.01 (95% CI 2.02–4.51), respectively. The adjusted PRs in Model 2 demonstrated results similar to that of Model 1. Discussion and Implications Loneliness is associated with tooth loss among older adults, whereas social isolation is not. Our findings can inform plans for policymakers, professionals, and organizations to identify lonely older adults and provide social prescriptions to improve their access to oral health care services.