Identification of Immune Subtypes and Candidate mRNA Vaccine Antigens in Small Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract

Abstract Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated promising outcomes in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), but not all patients benefit from it. Thus, developing precise treatments for SCLC is a particularly urgent need. In our study, we constructed a novel phenotype for SCLC based on immune signatures. Methods We clustered patients with SCLC hierarchically in 3 publicly available datasets according to the immune signatures. ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithm were used to evaluate the components of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, we identified potential mRNA vaccine antigens for patients with SCLC, and qRT-PCR were performed to detect the gene expression. Results We identified 2 SCLC subtypes and named Immunity High (Immunity_H) and Immunity Low (Immunity_L). Meanwhile, we obtained generally consistent results by analyzing different datasets, suggesting that this classification was reliable. Immunity_H contained the higher number of immune cells and a better prognosis compared to Immunity_L. Gene-set enrichment analysis revealed that several immune-related pathways such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, programmed cell death-Ligand 1 expression and programmed cell death-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer were hyperactivated in the Immunity_H. However, most of the pathways enriched in the Immunity_L were not associated with immunity. Furthermore, we identified 5 potential mRNA vaccine antigens of SCLC (NEK2, NOL4, RALYL, SH3GL2, and ZIC2), and they were expressed higher in Immunity_L, it indicated that Immunity_L maybe more suitable for tumor vaccine development. Conclusions SCLC can be divided into Immunity_H and Immunity_L subtypes. Immunity_H may be more suitable for treatment with ICIs. NEK2, NOL4, RALYL, SH3GL2, and ZIC2 may be act as potential antigens for SCLC.