Discordant Biological and Chronological Age: Implications for Cognitive Decline and Frailty

Abstract

Abstract Background Older adults with discordant biological and chronological ages (BA and CA) may vary in cognitive and physical function from those with concordant BA and CA. Methods To make our approach clinically accessible, we created easy-to-interpret participant groups in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (N = 2 458, 52% female participants, 65% White participants, age: 73.5 ± 2.8) based on medians of CA, and a previously validated BA index comprised of readily available clinical tests. Joint models estimated associations of BA–CA group with cognition (Modified Mini-Mental State Examination [3MS] and Digit Symbol Substitution Test [DSST]) and frailty over 10 years. Results The sample included the following: 32%, Young group (BA and CA < median); 21%, Prematurely Aging group (BA ≥ median, CA < median), 27%, Old group (BA and CA ≥ median), and 20%, Resilient group (BA < median, CA ≥ median). In education-adjusted models of cognition, among those with CA < median, the Prematurely Aging group performed worse than the Young at baseline (3MS and DSST p < .0001), but among those with CA ≥ median, the Resilient group did not outperform the Old group (3MS p = .31; DSST p = .25). For frailty, the Prematurely Aging group performed worse than the Young group at baseline (p = .0001), and the Resilient group outperformed the Old group (p = .003). For all outcomes, groups did not differ on change over time based on the same pairwise comparisons (p ≥ .40). Conclusions Discordant BA and CA identify groups who have greater cognitive and physical functional decline or are more protected than their CA would suggest. This information can be used for risk stratification.