Mitochondria-targeted cyclometalated iridium-β-carboline complexes as potent non-small cell lung cancer therapeutic agents

Abstract

Abstract Natural products and metals play a crucial role in cancer research and the development of antitumor drugs. We designed and synthesized three new carboline-based cyclometalated iridium complexes [Ir(C-N)2(PPβC)](PF6), where PPβC = N-(1,10-phenanthrolin-5-yl)-1-phenyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxamide, C-N = 2-phenylpyridine (ppy, Ir1), 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl) pyridine (dfppy, Ir2), 7,8-benzoquinoline (bzq, Ir3), by combining iridium with β-carboline derivative. These iridium complexes exhibited high potential antitumor effects after being promptly taken up by A549 cells. Accumulating in mitochondria rapidly and preferentially, Ir1-3 caused a series of changes in mitochondrial events, including the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the depletion of cellular ATP, and the elevation of reactive oxygen species, leading to significant death of A549 cells. Moreover, the activation of intracellular caspase pathway and apoptosis was further validated to contribute to iridium complexes-induced cytotoxicity. These novel iridium complexes exerted a prominent inhibitory effect on tumor growth in a three-dimensional multicellular tumor spheroid model.