Relationship Between Burn Wound Location and Outcomes in Severely Burned Patients: More Than Meets the Size

Abstract

Abstract We hypothesized that burn location plays an important role in wound healing, mortality, and other outcomes and conducted the following study to test this multifold hypothesis. We conducted a study to retrospectively look at patients with burns ≥10% TBSA. Demographics, TBSA, partial/full thickness burns (PT/FT) in various wound locations, fluids, inhalation injury, mortality, ICU duration, and hospital duration were considered. Initial wound healing rates (%/d) were also calculated as a slope from the time of the first mapping of open wound size to the time of the third mapping of open wound size. Multivariate logistic regression and operating curves were used to measure mortality prediction performance. All values were expressed as median [interquartile range]. The mortality rate for 318 patients was 17% (54/318). In general, patients were 43 years [29, 58 years] old and had a TBSA of 25% [17, 39%], PT of 16% [10, 25%], and FT of 4% [0, 15%]. Between patients who lived and did not, age, TBSA, FT, 24-hour fluid, and ICU duration were statistically different (P < .001). Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences in FT head (0% [0, 0%] vs 0% [0, 1%], P = .048); FT anterior torso (0% [0, 1%] vs 1% [0, 4%], P < .001); FT posterior torso (0% [0, 0%] vs 0% [0, 4%], P < 0.001); FT upper extremities (0% [0, 3%] vs 2% [0, 11%], P < .001); FT lower extremities (0% [0, 2%] vs 6% [0, 17%], P < .001); and FT genitalia (0% [0, 0%] vs 0% [0, 2%], P < .001). Age, presence of inhalation injury, PT/FT upper extremities, and FT lower extremities were independent mortality predictors and per unit increases of these variables were associated with an increased risk for mortality (P < .05): odds ratio of 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.61–1.13; P < .001) for mean age; 2.69 (95% CI = 1.04–6.93; P = .041) for inhalation injury; 1.14 (95% CI = 1.01–1.27; P = .031) for mean PT upper extremities; 1.26 (95% CI = 1.11–1.42; P < .001) for mean FT upper extremities; and 1.07 (95% CI = 1.01–1.12; P = .012) for mean FT lower extremities. Prediction of mortality was better using specific wound locations (area under the curve [AUC], AUC of 0.896) rather than using TBSA and FT (AUC of 0.873). Graphs revealed that initial healing rates were statistically lower and 24-hour fluids and ICU length of stay were statistically higher in patients with FT upper extremities than in patients without FT extremities (P < .001). Burn wound location affects wound healing and helps predict mortality and ICU length of stay and should be incorporated into burn triage strategies to enhance resource allocation or stratify wound care.