Intramedullary spinal cavernoma: clinical presentation, microsurgical approach, and long-term outcome in a cohort of 48 patients

Abstract

OBJECT Intramedullary spinal cavernoma (ISC) is a rare entity and accounts for approximately 5%−12% of all spinal vascular pathologies. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of clinical presentation, localization, and different surgical approaches on long-term outcome in patients treated for ISC. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective single-center study of 48 cases of ISC treated microsurgically over the past 28 years. Analyzed factors included preoperative clinical history, microsurgical strategies, neurological outcome (American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] grade, Epstein and Cooper grade), and the occurrence of postoperative spinal ataxia. Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors influencing long-term outcome. RESULTS Preoperatively, 18.8% of all patients experienced a slow, progressive decline in neurological function and 33.3% suffered repetitive episodes of acute neurological deterioration over a time frame of months to years. Moreover, 16.7% noted the sudden onset of a severe neurological deficit, whereas 25% experienced the sudden onset of symptoms with a subsequent gradually progressive decline in neurological function. On long-term follow-up after treatment (mean ± SD, 79.3 ± 35.2 months), 70.8% of patients showed no change in neurological function, 6.3% suffered from a decline, and 22.9% improved neurologically. Thoracolumbar localization (p = 0.043), low preoperative Epstein and Cooper grade for the lower extremities (p < 0.001), and a low preoperative ASIA grade (p < 0.001) were identified as factors associated with an unfavorable outcome (ASIA Grade A-C). The rate of spinal ataxia related to surgical approach was 16.7%. CONCLUSION Postoperative neurological function in ISC patients is determined by the preoperative neurological status. On long-term follow-up after microsurgical treatment, 93.7% of patients presented with a stable or improved condition (ASIA grade); thus, definite microsurgical treatment should be considered as long as patients present with only mild symptoms after the diagnosis of symptomatic ISC.