Abstract
Sleep problems are more common in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as compared to the general population, and may contribute to worsening social functioning, emotional symptoms, and lower quality of life. To support healthcare professionals and researchers in the field, we provide an updated overview of sleep problems in the context of autism across the lifespan and their evidence-based management, as derived from evidence-synthesis studies and the most recent randomized controlled trials. Most studies to date have been conducted in children and adolescents with autism. Several studies suggest that behavioral interventions aiming at improving sleep hygiene and environment may be beneficial, especially when actively involving parents. Furthermore, there is an increasing body of literature showing that melatonin is an effective pharmacological option for improving sleep quality in children and adolescents with autism, in line with reports showing a reduced endogenous synthesis of this hormone. Unfortunately, studies in adults are more limited, and thus, the evidence base around non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions remains mixed. Finally, there is a growing interest towards the use of complementary interventions or food supplements, but further studies are needed to test their effectiveness. In sum, most studies to date support the use of behavioral interventions and melatonin, especially in children and adolescents with autism. However, findings need to be validated in large-scale, rigorous and blinded trials and extended to the adult population. Non-pharmacological interventions remain the first treatment option and should adopt an individualized approach, considering individual characteristics and needs, including comorbidities, family dynamics, and sleep environment.