1. The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
2. Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Hospitals, London, United Kingdom;
3. Makkah Regional Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
4. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom;
5. National Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;