Vascular Function and Intima-Media Thickness in Children and Adolescents with Growth Hormone Deficiency: Results from a Prospective Case-Control Study

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) may be associated with subtle cardiovascular abnormalities, reversible upon starting GH treatment. Data on vascular morphology and function in GHD children are scanty and inconclusive. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of GHD and GH treatment on endothelial function and intima-media thickness (IMT) in children and adolescents. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We enrolled 24 children with GHD (10.85 ± 2.71 years) and 24 age-, sex-, and BMI-matched controls. We evaluated anthropometry, lipid profile, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), and IMT of common (cIMT) and internal (iIMT) carotid artery at study entry in all subjects and after 12 months of treatment in GHD children. <b><i>Results:</i></b> At baseline GHD, children had higher total cholesterol (163.17 ± 18.66 vs. 149.83 ± 20.68 mg/dL, <i>p</i> = 0.03), LDL cholesterol (91.18 ± 20.41 vs. 77.08 ± 19.73 mg/dL, <i>p</i> = 0.019), atherogenic index (AI) (2.94 ± 0.71 vs. 2.56 ± 0.4, <i>p</i> = 0.028), and ADMA (215.87 ± 109.15 vs. 164.10 ± 49.15 ng/mL, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), compared to controls. GHD patients also exhibited increased higher waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) compared to controls (0.48 ± 0.05 vs. 0.45 ± 0.02 cm, <i>p</i> = 0.03). GH therapy resulted in a decrease in WHtR (0.44 ± 0.03 cm, <i>p</i> = 0.001), total (151.60 ± 15.23 mg/dL, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and LDL cholesterol (69.94 ± 14.40 mg/dL, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001), AI (2.28 ± 0.35, <i>p</i> = 0.001), and ADMA (148.47 ± 102.43 ng/mL, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). GHD showed lower baseline FMD than controls (8.75 ± 2.44 vs. 11.85 ± 5.98%, <i>p</i> = 0.001), which improved after 1-year GH treatment (10.60 ± 1.69%, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Baseline cIMT and iIMT were comparable between the two groups, but slightly reduced in GHD patients after treatment. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> GHD children may exhibit endothelial dysfunction in addition to other early atherosclerotic markers like visceral adiposity, and altered lipids, which can be restored by GH treatment.