Relationship between Tongue Pressure and Salivary Bacteria in the Older Adults Requiring Long-Term Care

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Aspiration pneumonia, an important issue for the older adults, is caused by an increase in pathogenic microorganisms in the saliva, aspiration, and weakened host immunity. Recently, decreased tongue pressure has been reported to be associated with dysphagia. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between decreased tongue pressure and the number of bacteria in the saliva of the older adults requiring long-term care. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This cross-sectional study involved 95 older adults requiring long-term care in a facility or at home, eating orally, and who could understand the instructions for measuring tongue pressure. Sex, age, slowness, weakness, shrinking, exhaustion, low activity, number of teeth, functional teeth unit, denture use, oral hygiene, tongue coating index, dry mouth, tongue pressure, and number of bacteria in the saliva were examined. Bacterial counts were analyzed by real-time PCR for total bacteria, total streptococci, methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i>. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Multiple regression analysis showed that poor oral hygiene and decreased tongue pressure were independent risk factors for increased bacteria in the saliva. Decreased tongue pressure is significantly correlated with an increased number of total bacteria and the presence of <i>P. gingivalis</i>. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Our results suggest that tongue pressure not only maintains the swallowing function but also prevents the increase of bacteria in the saliva of older adults requiring long-term care.