The Impact of Obesity on T and NK Cells after LVAD Implantation

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Infections are a major problem after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation that affects morbidity, mortality, and the quality of life. Obesity often increases the risk for infection. In the cohort of LVAD patients, it is unknown if obesity affects the immunological parameters involved in viral defense. Therefore, this study investigated whether overweight or obesity affects immunological parameters such as CD8⁺ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Immune cell subsets of CD8⁺ T cells and NK cells were compared between normal-weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m², <i>n</i> = 17), pre-obese (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m², <i>n</i> = 24), and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m², <i>n</i> = 27) patients. Cell subsets and cytokine serum levels were quantified prior to LVAD implantation and at 3, 6, and 12 months after LVAD implantation. <b><i>Results:</i></b> At the end of the first postoperative year, obese patients (31.8% ± 2.1%) had a lower proportion of CD8^<b>+</b> T cells than normal-weight patients (42.4% ± 4.1%; <i>p</i> = 0.04), and the percentage of CD8^<b>+</b> T cells was negatively correlated with BMI (<i>p</i> = 0.03; <i>r</i> = −0.329). The proportion of circulating NK cells increased after LVAD implantation patients in normal-weight (<i>p</i> = 0.01) and obese patients (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Patients with pre-obesity showed a delayed increase (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) 12 months after LVAD implantation. Further, obese patients showed an increase in the percentage of CD57⁺ NK cells after 6 and 12 months (<i>p</i> = 0.01) of treatment, higher proportions of CD56^bright NK cells (<i>p</i> = 0.01), and lower proportions of CD56^dim/neg NK cells (<i>p</i> = 0.03) 3 months after LVAD implantation than normal-weight patients. The proportion of CD56^bright NK cells positively correlated with BMI (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01, <i>r</i> = 0.403) 1 year after LVAD implantation. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study documented that obesity affects CD8⁺ T cells and subsets of NK cells in patients with LVAD in the first year after LVAD implantation. Lower proportions of CD8⁺ T cells and CD56^dim/neg NK cells and higher proportion of CD56^bright NK cells were detected in obese but not in pre-obese and normal-weight LVAD patients during the first year after LVAD implantation. The induced immunological imbalance and phenotypic changes of T and NK cells may influence viral and bacterial immunoreactivity.